OSIModel

Difference Between TCP and UDP

TCP is a connection-oriented transport protocol that guarantees reliable, ordered, error-checked delivery through a handshake and acknowledgements, while UDP i…

What is the OSI Model?

The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model is a conceptual framework that standardizes network communication into seven layers — Physical, Data Link, Network…

Router vs Switch: What is the Difference?

A switch connects devices within a single local network and forwards frames between them using MAC addresses, while a router connects separate networks togethe…

TCP/IP Model vs OSI Model

The OSI model is a seven-layer conceptual reference used for teaching and troubleshooting, while the TCP/IP model is a four-layer practical model that actually…

What is Packet Switching?

Packet switching is a data transmission method that breaks messages into small, independently addressed packets, routes each one across the network based on cu…

What is a Port in Networking?

A port is a 16-bit number (0–65535) that identifies a specific process or service on a device, letting a single IP address handle many simultaneous network con…

What is the Physical Layer (OSI Layer 1)?

The Physical layer is OSI Layer 1 — it defines how raw bits (1s and 0s) are converted into actual signals (electrical voltage, light pulses, or radio waves) an…

What is the Data Link Layer (OSI Layer 2)?

The Data Link layer is OSI Layer 2 — it packages raw bits from the Physical layer into structured frames, adds MAC addresses for local delivery, and detects (t…

What is the Network Layer (OSI Layer 3)?

The Network layer is OSI Layer 3 — it is responsible for logical addressing (IP addresses) and routing, deciding the best path to move a packet from a source h…

What is the Transport Layer (OSI Layer 4)?

The Transport layer is OSI Layer 4 — it manages end-to-end communication between applications on two hosts, using port numbers to distinguish processes and pro…

What is the Session Layer (OSI Layer 5)?

The Session layer is OSI Layer 5 — it establishes, manages, synchronizes, and terminates the communication session between two applications, keeping track of w…

What is the Presentation Layer (OSI Layer 6)?

The Presentation Layer (Layer 6 of the OSI model) is responsible for translating data between the format an application uses and the format sent over the netwo…

What is the Application Layer (OSI Layer 7)?

The Application Layer (Layer 7, the topmost OSI layer) is where network-aware software directly interacts with the user or another program, providing the proto…

Hub vs Switch vs Router: What Is the Difference?

A hub is a dumb Layer 1 device that repeats every incoming signal out of all its other ports, a switch is a smart Layer 2 device that reads MAC addresses to fo…