Network Fundamentals

What is the OSI Model?

The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model is a conceptual framework that standardizes network communication into seven layers — Physical, Data Link, Network…

What is Latency vs Bandwidth?

Latency is the time it takes a single piece of data to travel from sender to receiver, while bandwidth is the maximum volume of data that can move through a co…

TCP/IP Model vs OSI Model

The OSI model is a seven-layer conceptual reference used for teaching and troubleshooting, while the TCP/IP model is a four-layer practical model that actually…

What is Packet Switching?

Packet switching is a data transmission method that breaks messages into small, independently addressed packets, routes each one across the network based on cu…

What is the Physical Layer (OSI Layer 1)?

The Physical layer is OSI Layer 1 — it defines how raw bits (1s and 0s) are converted into actual signals (electrical voltage, light pulses, or radio waves) an…

LAN vs WAN vs MAN: What is the Difference?

LAN, MAN, and WAN describe networks at increasing geographic scale — a LAN (Local Area Network) covers a single building or campus under one organization’s con…

Circuit Switching vs Packet Switching

Circuit switching reserves a dedicated, fixed-bandwidth path between two endpoints for the entire duration of a session, while packet switching breaks data int…

What is an HTTP Status Code?

An HTTP status code is a three-digit number returned by a server in every HTTP response, grouped by its first digit into a class (1xx informational, 2xx succes…