CStudy Notes

Applications of C++

Discover the real-world domains where C++ is used, from operating systems and game engines to embedded systems and high-frequency trading.

Arithmetic Operators in C++

Learn how C++ arithmetic operators (+, -, *, /, %) work, including integer division truncation and modulo rules, with runnable examples.

Array Initialization in C++

Learn the different ways to initialize a C++ array at declaration, including partial initialization, zero-filling, and omitting the size.

Array of Characters in C++

Learn how a C-style string is a null-terminated char array in C++, how to declare and print one, and how it differs from the string class.

Array Out of Bounds in C++

Understand why C++ does not check array bounds at runtime, why out-of-bounds access is undefined behavior, and how to avoid this critical bug.

Arrays in C++

Learn what an array is in C++, how to declare and access a fixed-size collection of same-type elements, and why zero-based indexing matters.

Assignment Operators in C++

Learn C++ assignment operators including =, +=, -=, *=, /=, and %=, and how compound assignment shortens common update expressions.

Bitwise Operators in C++

Understand C++ bitwise operators &, |, ^, ~, <<, and >> that manipulate the binary representation of integers directly.

break and continue in C++

Learn the difference between `break`, which exits a loop immediately, and `continue`, which skips to the next iteration, with clear C++ examples.

C-Style Strings in C++

Understand C-style strings as null-terminated char arrays, the standard library functions used to manipulate them, and why they are riskier than std::string.

cerr and clog in C++

Understand the difference between `cerr` and `clog` in C++ for writing error and log messages, including buffering behavior.

cin and cout in C++

Learn how `cin` and `cout` handle standard input and output in C++ using the stream extraction and insertion operators, with chaining and gotchas.

Comments in C++

Learn what comments are in C++, the difference between single-line and multi-line comments, and best practices for using them.

Compilation Process in C++

Follow the full journey of a C++ program from source code to executable, covering preprocessing, compilation, assembly, and linking stages.

Constants in C++

Learn what constants are in C++, the different ways to define them (const, #define, constexpr), and when to use each.

Dangling Pointers in C++

Understand how a pointer becomes 'dangling' after its target is freed or goes out of scope, and the safe practices that prevent it.

Data Types in C++

Learn the fundamental data types in C++ — int, float, double, char, bool, and void — with sizes, ranges, and examples.

Default Arguments in C++

Learn how to give function parameters default fallback values in C++ and the rule that default arguments must be trailing parameters.

do-while Loop in C++

Learn how the C++ `do-while` loop guarantees at least one execution by checking its condition after the body runs, with a full iteration trace.

Dynamic Memory Allocation in C++

Learn how `new` and `delete` allocate and free heap memory at runtime, and why forgetting to `delete` causes a memory leak.

else if Ladder in C++

Learn how the `else if` ladder chains multiple conditions in C++ to test a series of mutually exclusive cases, stopping at the first true match.

Escape Sequences in C++

Learn what escape sequences are in C++, the full list of common ones, and how to use them inside strings and characters.

Features of C++

Explore the core features of C++ — from object-oriented programming to portability and performance — that make it a powerful systems language.

Your First C++ Program (Hello World)

Write, compile, and run your first C++ program — the classic Hello World example — with a line-by-line explanation of every part.