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What Is BIOS? How Your Computer Starts Up Explained

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SkillVeris Team

Engineering Team

Jul 29, 2024 7 min read
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What Is BIOS? How Your Computer Starts Up Explained
Key Takeaway

BIOS stands for Basic Input/Output System, firmware stored on a motherboard chip that runs before any operating system loads.

In this guide, you'll learn:

  • Its main job is to initialize hardware components and run a power-on self-test before handing control to the operating system.
  • UEFI is the modern successor to traditional BIOS, offering faster boot times, larger drive support, and a graphical interface.
  • The boot order setting in BIOS or UEFI determines which storage device the computer tries to start from first.
  • BIOS settings are stored in a small amount of memory kept alive by a battery on the motherboard, separate from the main storage drive.

1What Is BIOS?

BIOS, short for Basic Input/Output System, is firmware stored on a chip on the motherboard that runs the moment a computer is powered on, before any operating system has loaded.

Its job is to check and initialize the computer's hardware, then hand control over to the operating system so the familiar boot-up process can continue.

2What BIOS Actually Does

When a computer is powered on, BIOS runs a power-on self-test that checks core hardware components like the processor, memory, and storage devices before anything else happens.

Once the self-test passes, BIOS locates a bootable device, such as an internal drive, and loads the operating system's boot loader, which then takes over starting the rest of the system.

  • Runs the power-on self-test to check core hardware.
  • Initializes basic hardware settings like memory timing and drive detection.
  • Locates a bootable device based on the configured boot order.
  • Hands off control to the operating system's boot loader.

3BIOS vs UEFI

UEFI is the modern replacement for traditional BIOS, and most computers built in the last decade actually use UEFI even though people still casually call it BIOS out of habit.

UEFI boots faster, supports much larger storage drives, and typically offers a mouse-friendly graphical interface instead of the older text-based BIOS screens.

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4Accessing BIOS or UEFI Settings

BIOS or UEFI settings are accessed by pressing a specific key, commonly Delete, F2, or F10, immediately after powering on the computer, before the operating system starts loading.

Once inside, the settings menus expose options like boot order, hardware information, fan and temperature controls, and security features that aren't accessible from within the operating system itself.

5Common Settings You'll Find

A handful of settings account for most reasons people actually enter BIOS or UEFI.

  • Boot order: which storage device the computer tries to start from first.
  • Date and time: the system clock, kept running by a small onboard battery.
  • Hardware monitoring: fan speeds, temperatures, and voltages.
  • Security options: secure boot settings and administrator passwords.

6Why BIOS Settings Persist

BIOS settings are stored in a small amount of memory on the motherboard that's kept powered by a coin-cell battery, completely separate from the main storage drive.

This is why settings like boot order and system time survive even if the storage drive is removed or replaced, and why a dead motherboard battery can cause the clock to reset or settings to revert to defaults.

7When You'd Need to Enter BIOS

Most users go their entire time with a computer without ever needing to open BIOS or UEFI settings, since defaults work fine for typical use.

Common reasons to enter it include changing the boot order to start from a USB installer, troubleshooting hardware that isn't being detected, or enabling a feature like virtualization support that's turned off by default.

8Why This Matters for Computing Fundamentals

Understanding BIOS fills in a gap that many computing fundamentals courses touch on briefly: what actually happens between pressing the power button and seeing an operating system's login screen.

It connects directly to related fundamentals like storage, boot loaders, and operating system startup, making it a useful topic to revisit while studying how a computer works end to end.

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About the Publisher

SV

SkillVeris Team

Engineering Team

Our engineering writers turn abstract code concepts into hands-on, project-driven learning experiences.

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