RESTAPI

REST API

A REST API (Representational State Transfer Application Programming Interface) is a web service interface that lets clients and servers communicate over HTTP u…

Vercel AI SDK

The Vercel AI SDK is an open-source TypeScript library for building AI-powered applications, providing unified APIs for calling different language model provid…

Retell AI

Retell AI is a developer platform for building and deploying voice AI agents that can conduct real-time phone conversations, combining speech recognition, a la…

htmx

htmx is a small JavaScript library that lets developers add AJAX, WebSockets, and dynamic UI updates directly in HTML attributes, enabling interactive applicat…

Single Page Application (SPA)

A Single Page Application (SPA) is a web application that loads a single HTML page and dynamically updates content in the browser using JavaScript, rather than…

Web Sockets

WebSockets is a communication protocol that provides a persistent, full-duplex connection between a client and server over a single TCP connection, allowing bo…

Server-Sent Events

Server-Sent Events (SSE) is a web standard that lets a server push a continuous stream of text-based updates to a client over a single, long-lived HTTP connect…

SOAP API

SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) is an XML-based messaging protocol for exchanging structured information between systems, typically over HTTP, with a form…

JSON

JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) is a lightweight, text-based data format that represents structured data as key-value pairs and ordered lists, widely used fo…

HTTP/2

HTTP/2 is a major revision of the HTTP protocol that improves performance over HTTP/1.1 through multiplexed requests over a single connection, header compressi…

HTTP/3

HTTP/3 is the third major version of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol, built on top of QUIC instead of TCP to reduce connection latency and eliminate head-of-li…

CORS

CORS (Cross-Origin Resource Sharing) is a browser security mechanism that controls whether a web page running on one origin is allowed to make requests to a se…

Web Scraping

Web scraping is the automated extraction of data from websites, typically by fetching pages programmatically and parsing their HTML (or rendered DOM) to pull o…

Chrome DevTools

Chrome DevTools is the built-in set of web developer tools in Google Chrome for inspecting, debugging, and profiling HTML, CSS, and JavaScript directly in the…

Postman Collections

Postman Collections are organized, shareable groups of saved API requests within Postman, used to document, test, and automate calls to REST, GraphQL, and othe…

Swagger

Swagger is a set of open-source tools built around the OpenAPI Specification for designing, documenting, and testing REST APIs, including the widely used Swagg…

gRPC-Web

gRPC-Web is a JavaScript client library and protocol that lets browser-based applications call gRPC services, working around the fact that browsers cannot make…

Server Actions

Server Actions are asynchronous functions that run exclusively on the server but can be called directly from client-side components, letting frameworks like Ne…

BFF (Backend for Frontend)

Backend for Frontend (BFF) is an architectural pattern where a dedicated backend layer is built specifically for one client application or client type, tailori…

API Versioning

API versioning is the practice of managing changes to an API over time by exposing multiple versions of it, so existing clients keep working while new capabili…

TanStack Query

TanStack Query (formerly React Query) is a data-fetching and caching library that manages server state in frontend applications, handling caching, background r…

SWR

SWR is a lightweight React data-fetching library, created by Vercel, whose name comes from the HTTP caching strategy 'stale-while-revalidate' — returning cache…

Kong Gateway

Kong Gateway is an open-source API gateway built on top of Nginx and OpenResty, used to manage, secure, and route traffic to APIs and microservices.

Apigee

Apigee is a full lifecycle API management platform, now part of Google Cloud, used to design, secure, publish, monitor, and monetize APIs.

HTTP Methods Explained (GET, POST, PUT, PATCH, DELETE)

HTTP methods define the intended action on a resource: GET retrieves data safely without side effects, POST creates a resource or triggers processing, PUT repl…

HTTP Status Codes Explained in Detail

HTTP status codes are three-digit responses that classify the outcome of a request into five families — 1xx informational, 2xx success, 3xx redirection, 4xx cl…

HTTP Headers Explained: Key Types and Uses

HTTP headers are key-value metadata sent alongside a request or response that control behavior without touching the body — covering content negotiation (Accept…

What is HTTP Content Negotiation?

HTTP content negotiation is the process by which a client and server agree on the best representation of a resource to return — such as its format, language, o…

What is an API Gateway (from a Networking Perspective)?

An API gateway is a single, network-facing entry point that sits in front of a collection of backend services and handles cross-cutting request concerns — rout…

What is Idempotency in System Design?

Idempotency means that performing the same operation multiple times produces the same result as performing it once, so retries or duplicate requests do not cau…

What is a REST API?

A REST API is a web interface that exposes data as resources identified by URLs, which clients manipulate using standard HTTP methods (GET, POST, PUT, PATCH, D…

Difference Between GET and POST

GET retrieves data and puts its parameters in the URL query string, making it idempotent, cacheable, and safe (no side effects), while POST submits data in the…

REST vs GraphQL: What Is the Difference?

REST exposes fixed, resource-shaped endpoints where the server decides what each response contains, while GraphQL exposes a single endpoint with a typed schema…

What is an HTTP Status Code?

An HTTP status code is a three-digit number returned by a server in every HTTP response, grouped by its first digit into a class (1xx informational, 2xx succes…

What is API Versioning?

API versioning is the practice of labeling breaking changes to an API with a distinct version identifier — in the URL, a header, or a query parameter — so exis…

What Is Idempotency in REST APIs?

An idempotent operation is one that produces the same server-side result no matter how many times an identical request is sent, so retrying it after a timeout…

HTTP Methods: Safe vs. Idempotent, What Is the Difference?

Safe means an HTTP method must not change server state at all, while idempotent means repeating the same request any number of times leaves the server in the s…

What Do the HTTP Status Code Families Mean?

HTTP status codes are grouped into five families by their leading digit — 1xx informational, 2xx success, 3xx redirection, 4xx client error, and 5xx server err…

What Are the Main API Pagination Strategies?

The two dominant API pagination strategies are offset-based pagination, which uses a page number or row offset plus a limit, and cursor-based pagination, which…

How Does Caching Differ Between GraphQL and REST?

REST caches naturally at the HTTP layer because each resource has a stable, unique URL that CDNs and browsers can key on, while GraphQL typically serves every…