HTTP

Mocking HTTP Requests

Learn how to mock network calls in Jest tests using axios/fetch stubs, interceptor libraries like nock and msw, and how to simulate error and timeout scenarios.

Basic and Bearer Token Auth

Learn how HTTP Basic Authentication and Bearer Token Authentication work, and how to configure each correctly in Postman's Authorization tab.

HTTP Methods in Postman

How to use GET, POST, PUT, PATCH, and DELETE requests in Postman, including when each method applies and how to attach a request body.

HTTP Request Sampler

The core JMeter element for sending HTTP/HTTPS requests to a server, covering method, path, parameters, body data, and implementation settings.

HTTP and Custom Connectors

Call external REST APIs from Power Automate using the HTTP action and build reusable custom connectors with authentication and defined schemas.

The Connection Lifecycle

Understand how a Socket.IO connection is established, upgraded, monitored, and torn down, including reconnection behavior and the events that mark each stage.

WebSocket Security Basics

Foundational security considerations for WebSocket connections, from handshake origin checks to authentication and secure transport.

WebSockets vs HTTP Polling

A comparison of WebSockets against short and long HTTP polling techniques for achieving near-real-time updates in web applications.

Security Headers Explained

HTTP security headers let a server instruct the browser to enforce protective behaviors, such as blocking mixed content, refusing to be framed, or restricting…

HTTP and HTTPS

The request/response protocol behind the web, its core methods, and how TLS secures it as HTTPS.

Ingress Controllers

Learn how Ingress resources and Ingress controllers expose HTTP/HTTPS routing, host- and path-based rules, and TLS termination for cluster Services.

HTTP Interceptors

Understand how Angular's functional HTTP interceptors let you centrally attach headers, log requests, and handle errors for every outgoing request.

RxJS Operators for HTTP (map, switchMap, catchError)

Master the core RxJS operators — map, switchMap, catchError, and their flattening cousins — used to transform, chain, and recover from HTTP requests.

API Design Principles Cheat Sheet

REST conventions, HTTP status codes, versioning, pagination, and error-handling practices for designing consistent, well-behaved web APIs.

CouchDB Cheat Sheet

CouchDB's HTTP API, document revisions, map/reduce views, and built-in replication model for offline-first JSON document storage.

Bun Runtime Cheat Sheet

Bun's built-in APIs for HTTP servers, file I/O, bundling, testing, and package management as a fast Node.js-compatible runtime.

tRPC Cheat Sheet

End-to-end typesafe API syntax for defining routers, procedures, middleware, and consuming them from a React client without codegen.

Difference Between HTTP and HTTPS

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) transfers web data in plain text, while HTTPS is the same protocol running over a TLS-encrypted connection — so HTTPS adds e…

What is the HTTP Request Lifecycle?

The HTTP request lifecycle is the full sequence a browser follows to load a resource: DNS resolution, TCP (and TLS) connection setup, sending the HTTP request,…

What is the Application Layer (OSI Layer 7)?

The Application Layer (Layer 7, the topmost OSI layer) is where network-aware software directly interacts with the user or another program, providing the proto…

What is HTTP Keep-Alive?

HTTP Keep-Alive is a mechanism that reuses a single TCP connection for multiple HTTP requests and responses instead of opening a new connection for every reque…

What is Chunked Transfer Encoding?

Chunked transfer encoding is an HTTP/1.1 mechanism that lets a server stream a response body in a series of independently-sized chunks without knowing the tota…

What is HTTP Content Negotiation?

HTTP content negotiation is the process by which a client and server agree on the best representation of a resource to return — such as its format, language, o…

What is HTTP Pipelining?

HTTP pipelining is an HTTP/1.1 technique where a client sends multiple requests over a single persistent TCP connection without waiting for each response, but…

How Do Cookies Work Over HTTP?

A cookie is a small piece of state a server asks a browser to store via the `Set-Cookie` response header, which the browser then automatically re-attaches on t…

HTTPS vs HTTP: What Security Does HTTPS Add?

HTTPS is HTTP layered on top of TLS, adding encryption, integrity, and server authentication that plain HTTP has none of — meaning HTTPS traffic cannot be read…

What is a Captive Portal?

A captive portal is a web page that a network (commonly public Wi-Fi in hotels, airports, or cafés) forces a newly connected device to view and interact with —…

What Are Well-Known Ports?

Well-known ports are the reserved TCP/UDP port numbers from 0 to 1023, assigned by IANA to specific standard services, such as 80 for HTTP, 443 for HTTPS, 22 f…

HTTP vs WebSocket: What is the Difference?

HTTP is a stateless, request/response protocol where the client always initiates and the connection typically closes after each exchange, while WebSocket upgra…

Long Polling vs Server-Sent Events: Which for Real-Time Updates?

Long polling simulates real-time delivery by having the client repeatedly open an HTTP request that the server holds open until new data exists or a timeout hi…

What is a REST API?

A REST API is a web interface that exposes data as resources identified by URLs, which clients manipulate using standard HTTP methods (GET, POST, PUT, PATCH, D…

Cookies vs Sessions vs JWT

A cookie is a small piece of data the browser stores and sends back with each request; a session keeps user state on the server and uses a cookie holding only…

What is CORS?

CORS (Cross-Origin Resource Sharing) is a browser security mechanism that lets a server explicitly permit web pages from one origin to make requests to a diffe…

Difference Between GET and POST

GET retrieves data and puts its parameters in the URL query string, making it idempotent, cacheable, and safe (no side effects), while POST submits data in the…

What Is Web Caching?

Web caching is the practice of storing copies of responses — HTML, assets, or API data — at various points between origin server and client so that repeat requ…

What is a WebSocket?

A WebSocket is a communication protocol that opens a single, persistent, full-duplex connection between client and server over TCP, letting either side send me…

What is the Same-Origin Policy?

The Same-Origin Policy (SOP) is a browser security rule that restricts scripts on one origin (scheme, host, and port) from reading data from a different origin…

What are HTTP Caching Headers?

HTTP caching headers are response headers such as Cache-Control, ETag, and Last-Modified that tell browsers and intermediate caches how long a response can be…

What is an HTTP Status Code?

An HTTP status code is a three-digit number returned by a server in every HTTP response, grouped by its first digit into a class (1xx informational, 2xx succes…

What is API Versioning?

API versioning is the practice of labeling breaking changes to an API with a distinct version identifier — in the URL, a header, or a query parameter — so exis…

Gzip vs Brotli: How Do These Compression Algorithms Compare?

Gzip and Brotli are both lossless HTTP content-encoding algorithms that shrink text-based responses (HTML, CSS, JS, JSON) before transfer, but Brotli generally…