Cloud Infrastructure

What Are the Types of Hypervisors?

Hypervisors come in two types: Type 1 (bare-metal) runs directly on physical hardware with no host OS underneath it, giving near-native performance and used in…

What is a Unikernel and How Does it Differ from a Traditional OS?

A unikernel is a single-address-space machine image that compiles an application together with only the specific library-level OS components it needs — network…

What Are the Main Autoscaling Strategies?

Autoscaling automatically adjusts the number of running instances to match demand, and the main strategies are reactive metric-based scaling (CPU, memory, or r…

How Does the Kubernetes Cluster Autoscaler Work?

The Cluster Autoscaler adjusts the number of nodes in a Kubernetes cluster itself — adding a node when Pods are stuck Pending due to insufficient capacity, and…

What is Terraform State and Why Does It Matter?

Terraform state is a JSON file (typically terraform.tfstate) that maps every resource block in your configuration to the real-world infrastructure object it cr…

What are Terraform Modules and Why Use Them?

A Terraform module is a reusable, self-contained package of .tf configuration files that accepts input variables and exposes output values, letting teams defin…

Terraform vs CloudFormation: What is the Difference?

Terraform is a cloud-agnostic, open-source infrastructure-as-code tool by HashiCorp that manages resources across many providers using its own HCL language and…

What is Pulumi and How Does It Differ from Terraform?

Pulumi is an infrastructure-as-code tool that lets you define cloud resources using general-purpose programming languages like TypeScript, Python, Go, or C#, i…

What are Terraform Workspaces and When Should You Use Them?

Terraform workspaces let a single configuration directory manage multiple independent state files — for example dev, staging, and prod — by switching an active…

What Do terraform plan and terraform apply Do?

"terraform plan" computes and displays a dry-run diff between your declared configuration and the real infrastructure recorded in the state file, while “terraf…

What is HashiCorp Packer and When Would You Use It?

Packer is a tool that automates building identical, pre-configured machine images — such as AWS AMIs, Azure images, or VM templates — from a single declarative…

What Are Terraform Providers and How Do They Work?

A Terraform provider is a plugin that translates Terraform’s declarative HCL resource blocks into API calls against a specific platform, such as AWS, Azure, GC…

What Is a Terraform Remote Backend and Why Use One?

A Terraform remote backend stores the state file in a shared, centralized location such as an S3 bucket, Azure Blob Storage, or Terraform Cloud, instead of on…

What Is Idempotency in Infrastructure as Code?

Idempotency in Infrastructure as Code means that applying the same configuration multiple times produces the same end state without unintended side effects — r…

What is Auto-Scaling and How Does it Work?

Auto-scaling is the automated process of adjusting the number of running compute instances up or down based on real-time demand signals such as CPU utilization…

What is a Load Balancer and How Does it Work?

A load balancer is a component that sits in front of a pool of backend servers and distributes incoming traffic across them using a chosen algorithm, so no sin…

What is a CDN and How Does it Improve Performance?

A CDN (Content Delivery Network) is a globally distributed network of edge servers that caches and serves content from a location physically close to each user…

What is Serverless Computing?

Serverless computing is a cloud execution model where the provider fully manages the underlying servers, provisioning, and scaling, so developers deploy code a…

What is FaaS (Function-as-a-Service)?

FaaS (Function-as-a-Service) is a serverless execution model where individual, single-purpose functions are deployed independently and invoked automatically in…

What Backup Strategies Would You Use in Production?

A production backup strategy combines full, incremental, and differential backups on a schedule driven by Recovery Point Objective (RPO) and Recovery Time Obje…

What is Infrastructure Drift and How Do You Detect and Prevent It?

Infrastructure drift happens when the real state of provisioned infrastructure diverges from what its infrastructure-as-code definition declares — usually beca…

How Does terraform import Work and When Would You Use It?

`terraform import` brings an existing resource that was created outside Terraform — manually in a console, via another tool, or from a legacy setup — under Ter…

How Do You Approach Cloud Cost Optimization?

Cloud cost optimization means continuously matching provisioned capacity to actual demand through rightsizing, committed-use discounts, autoscaling, and elimin…

Horizontal vs Vertical Scaling: What is the Difference?

Vertical scaling (scaling up) adds more CPU, memory, or disk to a single existing machine, while horizontal scaling (scaling out) adds more machines that share…